Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder that affects more than 573,000 adults in the United States. Three vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitors have demonstrated the most promising evidence for the management of this challenging condition.
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Although esketamine has been shown to be effective in the rapid reduction of suicidal ideation in patients who are at imminent risk of suicide, is a need for long-term safety studies and pharmacovigilance data, given the concerns of the potential for misuse and abuse.
Now that long-acting injectables are formulated with second-generation antipsychotics — including aripiprazole, olanzapine, paliperidone, and risperidone — which have fewer adverse effects than first-generation antipsychotics, emerging evidence has led psychiatrists to consider these agents for patients with a first episode of schizophrenia.